College as a Place to Find Out Who You Are

College as a Place to Find Out Who You Are There are some general problems that a person tries to solve for many years, maybe for the whole life. Who we are? Why are we living here? What is our mission in life? What is our place in the society? Each person has different preferences, demands and opportunities, which is why the answers to these questions differ greatly. Moreover, there are such moments in our life, when our own answers change, and one of them is college. College is one of intermediate stages between your adolescence and maturity. People often leave their homes at this stage and start to live independently. They understand what life is and start to seek for the right place in it. Before they could ask their parents for help, as they were always around them. Now it is high time to make strong and independent decisions. They become fully responsible for their actions and that is one of the most important stages. Now their success in future life is defined. The way how they will learn to solve arising problems, communicate with their friends, professors, set goals and achieve them is very important. Of course, not everything is defined at this stage, but the foundation is certainly laid. It is clear that with strong basis it is much easier to develop the necessary characteristics and become a valuable member of society. On balance, it is highly important to spend your college years so as to find out as much as possible about unwritten laws of society, learn how to achieve success and independence.

Cis 502 Technical Paper Week 10 Assignment Risk Assessment

CIS 502 Technical Paper Week 10 Assignment Risk Assessment http://homeworkfy.com/downloads/cis-502-technical-paper-week-10-assignment-risk-assessment/ To Get this Tutorial Copy Paste above URL Into Your Browser Hit Us Email for Any Inquiry at: Homeworkfy@gmail.com Visit our Site for More Tutorials: (http://homeworkfy.com/ ) CIS 502 Technical Paper – Week 10 Assignment Risk Assessment CIS 502 Week 10 Technical Paper Technical Paper: Risk Assessment Global Finance, Inc. Internet OC193 10Gbps Remote Dial UpUsers OC193 10Gbps DMZ Border (Core) Routers Distribution Routers VPN Gateway 10Gbps RAS PBX Printers Mgmt (x3) Credit Dept Finance Accounting Worstations Printers Worstations (x5) LoanDept†¦show more content†¦The trusted computing base (TCB) internal network in the Global Finance, Inc. Network Diagram hosts the company’s mission critical systems without which the company’s operations and financial situation would suffer. The Oracle database and email systems are among the most intensively used application servers in the company. GFI cannot afford system outages because its cash flow and financial systems heavily depend on the network stability. GFI has experienced DOS network attacks twice this year and its Oracle database and email servers had been down for a week. The recovery process required GFI to use $25,000 to restore its operations back to normal. GFI estimated the loss from these network attacks at more than $100,000 including lost customer confidence. Write a twelve to fifteen (12-15) page formal risk assessment proposal and redraw the above diagram of a secure and risk-mitigating model in which you: 1. Describe the company network, interconnection, and communication environment. 2. Assess risk based on the Global Finance, Inc. Network Diagram scenario. Note: Your risk assessment should cover all the necessary details for your client, GFI Inc., to understand the risk factors of the organization and risk posture of the current environment. The company management will decide what to mitigate based on your risk assessment. Your risk assessment must be comprehensive for the organization to make data-driven decisions. a. Describe andShow MoreRelatedQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 PagesThis book was typeset in 10/12 Times by Aptara, Inc., and printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley (Jefferson City). The cover was printed by R. R. Donnelley (Jefferson City). The paper in this book was manufactured by a mill whose forest management programs include sustained yield harvesting of its timberlands. Sustained yield harvesting principles ensure that the number of trees cut each year does not exceed the amount of new growth. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright  © 2009 by JohnRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pagesand intangible resources. Remember: Firms have many resources. At this point, if you have the skills and time, you can analyse the ï ¬ nancial information that almost all cases provide. This provides material for a ï ¬ nancial resources paragraph. STEP 10 PULLING IT TOGETHER S T E P 7 C A PA B I L I T I E S I D E N T I F I C AT I O N Here you make a list of capabilities. Capabilities tell you what the ï ¬ rm can do. Remember: Each ï ¬ rm may have a dozen or more capabilities, so include someRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagespublisher. 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Behaviourist Theory for Atypical Behaviour Free Essays

Behaviourist Theory (10 marks) First of all, behaviourists are psychologists that believe that behaviours are learnt instead of them being natural. Behaviourist theory believes that people learn to be phobic rather than are born phobic. Reason being, many people link their fear of an object or situation to something bad they have experienced. We will write a custom essay sample on Behaviourist Theory for Atypical Behaviour or any similar topic only for you Order Now For instance, if someone is scared of needles, it may have been because they had a bad experience with it as a child, thus causing a phobia. This I known as classical conditioning – learning by association; learn to associate a certain response with a certain stimulus. However, even behaviourists do take into account that some behaviour are not learnt, but are instinctive instead. This is called unconditioned response. This contains of instinctive responses such as sexual arousal and anxiety. Unconditioned responses are triggered by unconditioned stimulus. They can be objects or events that naturally cause the reaction such as stimulating genitals might cause arousal or a threat may cause us to be anxious. Yet, sometimes these responses happen in the presence of a neutral stimulus. Neutral stimuli don’t cause a reaction. However we assume it does when we experience something good or bad. For example if a person ate chips and got sick -vomited, they may assume chips cause a bad reaction every single time. This is known as classical conditioning. Therefore each of the neutral stimuli is then described as a conditioned stimulus because they trigger a learnt response. A reaction to a conditioned stimulus is called a conditioned response. Also operant conditioning is a term used by the behaviourist to describe learning by consequences. If the consequences of an action are worthwhile we learn to do them again. Yet if the consequences are not good, we are likely not to do it again. Atypical behaviours are learnt in the same manner as typical behaviours. Atypical behaviours are just more uncommon cases of classical conditioning. One of the criticisms of this theory is that it ignores the mind and the thinking behind it. For example if we two people got robbed at night, one is likely to think of it as one time incident and forget about it- rational. Whereas the other will think it will happen many times again – irrational. Thus causes to develop a phobia of dark. Different people have different outlook to the event. How to cite Behaviourist Theory for Atypical Behaviour, Papers

Effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing on Lifestyle

Question: Discuss about the Effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing on Lifestyle. Answer: Introduction: The internal factors that are affecting the physical condition of William are stress due to post traumatic disorder, unconsciousness level, increased alcohol level in blood and his injury on his forehead that can result in severe pain. These internal factors have the contributory effects in making him aggressive and confused. The external factors that are contributory to the condition of William are drunken driving, rash driving, disobeying the traffic rules and ignorance of the measures of personal safety (McLean et al. 2014). A significant brain injury can result in a decline in the consciousness level after six hours of admission and the ratings of the Glasgow coma scale can be beneficial for recording the responsiveness of William. The stage of unconsciousness will end with the opening of the eyes of William. The duration, peak and onset of alcohol in the blood of William will determine the intensity of brain injury and weather he has entered the stage of coma (Cassidy, Boyle and Carroll 2014). The specific diagnostic tests for William will be computerized tomography scan that will provide a comprehensive picture of his brain with the application of a sequence of x-rays (Fernndez-Espejo and Owen 2013). CT scans can be beneficial for revealing the presence of contusions, tissue swelling, hematomas and hemorrhage. Two of the specific healthcare professionals who will be required in the process of care of William in the settings of a hospital are a neurologist and a neurosurgeon. Neurologists in consultation with the general physician will take care of the brain and nerves and the neurosurgeon will stop the bleeding in the brain by surgical intervention. The caring for an old Buddhist woman who refuses to accept pharmacological interventions would require the consideration of the ethical issues that are followed in the process of end life palliative care for providing her relief in a way that is morally suitable. The religious beliefs of the woman have to be considered during the decision making process and alternatives to the pharmacological interventions have to be selected according to the Buddhist norms (Morgan and White 2015). In no way, it should hurt the sentiments of the patient while providing nursing care. The on-duty medical officer present in the ward can be of help of the enrolled nurses for seeking advice to provide her with comfort and relieve the pain following the organizational procedures and policies. The regulatory guidelines have to be referred to such circumstances and the legal advisory committee can also be consulted to know the procedures of administration of pharmacological interventions if required. Medication free death has been the wish of the patient but pain relieving responsibilities also lies with the nurses which can result in an ethical conflict. Nonpharmacological treatment procedures for the Buddhist woman can include massage, biofield therapy, complementary therapy and art therapy. Acute pain can be relieved with biofield therapy that includes Reiki and healing touch (Whellan et al. 2014). Stimulation of the spinal cord also has pain relieving abilities that can be associated with massages. Stimulation of the spinal cord is done with the application of electrodes near to the spinal cord and discharging electrical signals for stimulating the release of endorphins. They are the natural painkillers in the body that reduce pain without any pharmacological intervention. The symptoms of Tom are caused by the problems that involve complications of the heart or cardiovascular pathology. The pathophysiology of the chest pain of Tom can be attributed to the condition of congestive heart failure. There is a correlation of pathophysiology between the swelling of his ankles and feet and his chest pain. The swelling is because of the accumulation of fluid in his body due to decreased blood flow from the heart resulting in the venous return of the blood (Roffi et al. 2015). This is causing fluid accumulation in the lower limbs of Tom and is related to the disorder of the heart. Electrocardiogram (ECG) is the procedure to record the electrical activities of the heart over duration by the application of electrodes that are placed over the skin. It is a common form of cardiology test that works by the detection of the minute electrical changes that are present on the skin due to the electrophysiologic pattern of the depolarization process rising with every heartbeat. Conduction abnormalities, heart rhythm, heart rate and abnormal disturbances of the cardiac rhythm can be detected with ECG. ST segment depression is an abnormal condition as it indicates myocardial infarction occurring due to the lack of coronary blood supply to the heart. The two health professionals required for the care process of Tom will involve a cardiologist and a registered nurse. The treatment recommendations will be provided by the cardiologist after examining the condition of the heart and the diagnosis report (Mahler et al. 2013). The registered nurse will monitor the heart condition and administer the medications required by Tom as prescribed by the cardiologist. 1a. Smoking can have severe implications on the coronary artery disease of Tom from which he is suffering as the chemicals present in the smoking tobacco harms the blood cells that eventually damages the functioning of the function and structure of the heart and the blood vessels. Plaques tend to build up in the coronary arteries that lead to arrhythmias, heart failure, heart attack and even death and smoking aggravates these conditions in the patients with coronary artery disease (Lee et al. 2016). Action Plan commenced 02.04.2015 Objective (What do you hope to achieve?) Activities (What activities could help in achieving the objective) Anticipated outcomes (What is the expected outcome of the activities?) Timeline (What is the expected timeline?) Resources (What resource(s) will you need to achieve your objective?) WHS (What workplace health and safety (WHS) are required?) Cessation of cigarette smoking of Tom Nicotine replacement patches Complete cessation of smoking by Tom 1 month Transdermal system patches of nicotine, user guide and safety information The treatment cost will be subsidized by the quit smoking assistance program to promote quitting activities during work time Action Plan review date: 20.04.2015 Objective (What do you hope to achieve?) Activities (What activities could help in achieving the objective) Anticipated outcomes (What is the expected outcome of the activities?) Timeline (What is the expected timeline?) Resources (What resource(s) will you need to achieve your objective?) WHS (What workplace health and safety (WHS) are required?) Stop the smoking habit of Tom Nicotine gum Complete cessation of smoking by Tom with improved condition of his coronary heart disease 1 month Nicotine gums of required strength and user guide Quit smoking is encouraged by providing nicotine gums to the employees for a happy and healthy workforce and a clean and safe workplace for all References Cassidy, J.D., Boyle, E. and Carroll, L.J., 2014. Population-based, inception cohort study of the incidence, course, and prognosis of mild traumatic brain injury after motor vehicle collisions.Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation,95(3), pp.S278-S285. Fernndez-Espejo, D. and Owen, A.M., 2013. Detecting awareness after severe brain injury.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,14(11), pp.801-809. Lee, W.W., Choi, K.C., Yum, R.W., Doris, S.F. and Chair, S.Y., 2016. Effectiveness of motivational interviewing on lifestyle modification and health outcomes of clients at risk or diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review.International journal of nursing studies,53, pp.331-341. Mahler, S.A., Miller, C.D., Hollander, J.E., Nagurney, J.T., Birkhahn, R., Singer, A.J., Shapiro, N.I., Glynn, T., Nowak, R., Safdar, B. and Peberdy, M., 2013. Identifying patients for early discharge: performance of decision rules among patients with acute chest pain.International journal of cardiology,168(2), pp.795-802. McLean, S.A., Ulirsch, J.C., Slade, G.D., Soward, A.C., Swor, R.A., Peak, D.A., Jones, J.S., Rathlev, N.K., Lee, D.C., Domeier, R.M. and Hendry, P.L., 2014. Incidence and predictors of neck and widespread pain after motor vehicle collision among US litigants and nonlitigants.PAIN,155(2), pp.309-321. Morgan, D.D. and White, K.M., 2015. Enabling Participation in Meaningful and Essential Occupations in End-of-Life Care. InInternational Handbook of Occupational Therapy Interventions(pp. 787-796). Springer International Publishing. Roffi, M., Patrono, C., Collet, J.P., Mueller, C., Valgimigli, M., Andreotti, F., Bax, J.J., Borger, M.A., Brotons, C., Chew, D.P. and Gencer, B., 2015. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation.European heart journal, p.ehv320. Whellan, D.J., Goodlin, S.J., Dickinson, M.G., Heidenreich, P.A., Jaenicke, C., Stough, W.G., Rich, M.W., Quality of Care Committee and Heart Failure Society of America, 2014. End-of-life care in patients with heart failure.Journal of cardiac failure,20(2), pp.121-134.

Should The Seas be Owned

Should The Seas be Owned

Protestanism essays

Protestanism essays Throughout the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church continued to assert its primacy of position. The growth of the papacy had paralleled the growth of the church, but by the end of the Middle Ages challenges to papal authority from the rising power of monarchical states had resulted in a loss of papal temporal authority. An even greater threat to papal authority and church unity arose in the sixteenth century when the unity of medieval European Christendom was irretrievably shattered by the Reformation. Martin Luther was the catalyst that precipitated the new movement. His personal struggle for religious certainty led him, against his will, to question the medieval system of salvation and the very authority of the church. His chief opposition was Holy Roman Emperor Charles V who, due to multiple circumstances, was unable to impede Luthers movement. He opposed the Catholic doctrine of faith and good works for salvation, instead proposing a doctrine of salvation through faith. His publishing of the Ninety-Five Theses, which covered the abuse of indulgences, is often seen as the beginning of the Reformation movement. However, the movement was not only confined to Native reform movements in Switzerland found leadership in Ulrich Zwingli, who eventually sought an alliance with Luther and the German reformers, and especially in John Calvin, whose Institutes of the Christian Religion became the most influential summary of the new theology. On most important doctrines, Calvin was in agreement with Luther. Calvin differed from Luther in his belief in the concept of predestination, derived from his belief in Gods supreme authority. This concept became the central focus of succeeding One of the more radical Reformation groups, the Anabaptists, set themselves against other Protestants as well as against Rome, rejecting such long-established practices as infant ...

Nursing Leadership and Management Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nursing Leadership and Management - Article Example Nurses function as team-builders, decision-makers, communicators, negotiators, delegators, and mentors and they help in the planning, directing, leading, and implementation of health services in order to achieve strong and improved health outcomes. In effect, with these functions taken as a whole, nurses become effective leaders and managers. Nursing Leadership and Management Introduction Nursing leadership and management are essential elements of the nursing profession. They are tools for nurses to use in their practice as they help in the implementation of nursing interventions and in the establishment of clear goals for the patients. Nursing leadership and management requires various tools in their implementation and these tools may sometimes be difficult to develop for various practitioners. In some cases, these are elements required for each nurse to develop because these nurses are responsible for various activities and interventions often crucial to improved patient outcomes. There are various elements of this leadership. This paper shall provide an overview of nursing leadership and management, including the different elements involved in its incorporation into the practice as well as its impact in the efficacy of nursing care. This study is being carried out in order to establish a clear and comprehensive discussion of the various elements of nursing leadership, including its applications, and impact on the delivery of health care services. Management has long been in existence and has been a vital element for many organized communities. Managers impact on the different phases and activities of organizations (Clarkson, 2009). The primary role of managers is to guide organizations in the accomplishment of their essential goals. Most organizations and professions have a particular purpose and objective and the managers have the burden of ensuring that activities are implemented efficiently in order to reach such goals (Yoder, 2010). Managers propel organ izations towards these goals by designing and planning activities, as well as assigning particular functions to particular competent individuals. Managers seek to support individual activities which would likely lead to the achievement of goals; and they also discourage individual activities which may interfere with the achievement of said goals (Clarkson, 2009). Nursing is one of the activities often under the supervision of managers. Nursing service administration is a well-coordinated activity and it often provides the services necessary for the fulfillment of nursing goals. Nursing service administration is a system of activities which is focused towards the care of clients and it includes the formation of goals based on the goals of the health agency (Clarkson, 2009). Nursing service administration includes the process of planning, organizing, and controlling human, material, financial, as well as informational resources (Clarkson, 2009). Nursing services includes interrelated social and technical functional activities which are seen in formal organizational health settings. Nursing service managers are individuals whose functions are based on positions of authority (Yoder, 2010). These positions may be top level, middle level, and first line or front line supervisors including head nurses and staff. These managers often assign

Man vs women superior Im taking the man side Essay

Man vs women superior Im taking the man side - Essay Example They like challenges and this is the reason why they are physically much stronger than the women. Ladies and gentlemen, I remark from renowned evidence that has come to the fore that men are able to execute things better than their female counterparts because they know what is going on with them rather than their female partners who know little about the environmental issues. Men therefore know it better how to tackle the problems and thus analyze the same in a much rigorous manner before approaching it. Also men are known to decide their course of action much earlier than their female counterparts. This is because men take less time to analyze and thus make up their mind. Since men are known to be tough taskmasters, they get the job done quickly whereas the women take a lot of time to think through and then go about executing a task or an action under their aegis (May, 2011). Men therefore decide it quickly what to do with their actions whereas the women take advice from others and often are tied up within confusing patterns even after they have taken one such decision. What is even more comparatively driven is the fact that women lack the mental strength and are more prone to crying their heart out and expressing their concerns than the men. This is the reason why one would see more women shedding tears and fewer men doing it on a regular basis. Women believe that it is not their duty to go through the physical and mental drills much like what their male counterparts do on a regular basis (Connell, 2011). Hence masculinity and femininity are two sides of the same coin and deserve attention for a number of reasons. However the basic premise is much the same yet the men are stronger than women and known to enjoy the rigors of life well. May I add here in the end that men make the world tougher yet the women make it sweeter. It is the combination of

Answer the question below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Answer the question below - Essay Example He rejects materialistic explanation of the mind. His view has a negative relationship to the theories of evolution as the philosophers believed the spirit as evolving from epiphenomenon or powers of living matter. Science fails to bring out dignity as it uses observation to designate and quantify the numerous manifestations of life at a particular time. It is impossible to the spirit (Fiorenza, Francis, and John 55-75). Through reflection, we can analyze the mind. It is through theology that we can explain Gods creation. The Catholic Church endorse the biblical hermeneutic that life is godly and conveyed by Jesus Christ. They approve the gospel as being true in trying to explain the origin of life (Fiorenza, Francis and John 95-105). They validate the bible as having satisfactory message in life as it regards life as having a revelation. However, they are not fast in condemning science unless it has a repercussion on salvation or

Effect of the CDM Regulations on Accident Statistics

Effect of the CDM Regulations on Accident Statistics The Effect of the Cdm Regulations on Accident Statistics within the UK The implementation of the CDM regulations under the CDM Co-ordinators. Abstract Health and safety in the construction industry has experienced considerable research over the last few decades in order to reduce the number of injuries and fatalities within the construction industry. Health and safety practices such as the HSC that introduced the CDM regulations in 1994 and the current revised regulations introduced in 2007 are perceived to provide numerous benefits in maintaining a safer industry. With approximately 7%-8% of employment within the UK involved in the construction industry and an estimated 8% of the UK’s GDP it is important to do so. There is a growing importance due to the high rate of employment in the construction industry to provide a detailed set of safety regulations known as the CDM regulations that everyone involved with construction must follow. As a result of this many organisations such as the HSC, have initiated targets to ensure that the health and safety on sites improves dramatically, and to encourage the government to formulate official targets to reduce the number of fatalities and injuries by a certain date. However, although the CDM regulations 1994 did have a positive effect on the health and safety in the industry there was still areas of concern within the regulations that professionals were unsure of who carried out different roles and the fact that the rate of fatalities and injuries was not decreasing significantly enough, this was the reason for the review of the CDM regulations 1994 and the implementation of the new CDM regulations 2007 which is designed to provide a clearer background into construction HS. Using a sample group methodology, and acknowledging specifically the principal contractor, this study aims to assess whether the HSC can achieve its aim of reducing the number of fatalities and injuries by 10% in the UK by 2010 and ultimately assess whether or not the CDM regulations make a significant difference to HS statistics. This will be reviewed by looking at the implementation techniques used by the PC’s on site and develop a framework to provide the best techn ique in which to do so. Chapter One: Introduction This chapter introduces the principal aim of the study, in addition to the proposed objectives and research questions. Introduction The construction industry has had HS regulations in place known as the CDM regulations for a number of years now which have recently been renewed. The CDM regulations have application to a majority of construction projects undertaken in the UK which provide the industry with specific standards involving HS that are considered acceptable to the government and alternatively, to the construction worker. The latest regulations represent an important trend towards the paternalistic intervention of the government in relation to health and safety. Historically, the ambit of health and safety on site was left to the individual company; this was due to the requirements of the Conservative governments, and if things went wrong it was up to the individual to cope. This tendency has developed during the twentieth century with great attention in recent years of government focus in developing the HS of the construction worker. 2.2 million (1 in 14) People work in Britain’s construction industry, making it the country’s biggest industry, but it accounts for 16% of major accidents and 25% of fatal injuries. It is has also been acknowledged that for a number of years in the UK it has been one of the most dangerous industries to be employed in. In the last 25 years, over 2,800 people have died from injuries they received as a result of construction work. Many more have been injured or made ill. HSE deals with all aspects of construction work in England, Scotland and Wales. In 2006-2007 alone there were 77 fatal injuries to workers in the construction industry, this was a 28% increase to the 59 in 2005-2006. The 77 fatalities in the construction industry during 2006-2007 accounted for 32% of all worker deaths. The rate of fatal injury to workers per hundred thousand rose to 3.7 in 2006-2007 compared to that of 3.0 in 2005-2006. In providing these statistics relatively closely to the date the fatality occurred, this means many cases are still under investigation. Consequently, these figures are highly provisional, and may be subject to revision as more relevant information becomes available. * The term Workers includes employees and the self-employed combined. RIDDOR (The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995) is the primary determinant as to whether a fatal accident is included in these figures or not. Improvements regarding the Health and Safety in the construction industry are urgently needed as it remains a disproportionately dangerous industry which is important not only for the people involved in the industry but also for the expected 2-3% growth within the next 5 years. The improvements require significant and permanent changes in duty holder attitudes and behaviour. Since the original CDM Regulations were introduced in 1994, concerns were raised that their complexity and the bureaucratic approach of many duty holders frustrated the Regulations’ underlying health and safety objectives. These views were supported by an industry-wide consultation in 2002 which resulted in the decision to revise the Regulations. The new CDM 2007 Regulations revise and bring together the CDM Regulations 1994 and the Construction (Health Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996 into a single regulatory package known as the CDM regulations 2007. The health and safety process has always been a much talked about topic within England and Wales every since the first CDM regulations were launched in 1994. The need to reform this process has been highlighted by research carried out by the health and safety executive which shows that there is need for improvement in the implementation of these regulations which is the main reason for the introduction of the CDM regulations 2007. The research shows that: These have been developed in close consultation with construction industry stakeholders. The proposal for the CDM 2007 aims to: simplify the Regulations to improve clarity and make it easier for everyone to know what is expected of them; maximise their flexibility to fit with the vast range of contractual arrangements; focus on planning and management, rather than the plan and other paperwork; encourage co-ordination and co-operation, particularly between designers and contractors; and Simplify the assessment of the competence of organisation. The Approved Code of Practice (ACoP) has special legal status and gives practical advice for all those involved in construction work. If you follow the advice in the ACoP you will be doing enough to comply with the law in respect of those specific matters on which it gives advice. The ACoP which includes a copy of the CDM regulations explains: The legal duties placed on clients, CDM co-ordinators, designers, principal contractors, contractors, self-employed and workers. The circumstances in which domestic clients do not have duties under CDM 2007 (but that the regulations still apply to those doing work for them). Gives information on the new role of CDM co-ordinator – a key project adviser for clients and responsible for coordinating the arrangements for health and safety during the planning phase of larger and more complex projects. Which construction projects need to be notified to HSE before work starts and gives information on how this should be done. How to assess the competence of organisations and individuals involved in construction work. How to improve co-operation and co-ordination between all those involved in the construction project and with the workforce. What essential information needs to be recorded in construction health and safety plans and files, as well as what shouldn’t be included. Rationale for the Research The subject of this dissertation developed from a personal interest in the Health and Safety aspect of the construction industry and the significant research within the industry on how to minimise the injuries and fatalities on site. Most of this research has concentrated on the best ways to improve the implementation process of the CDM regulations 2007, whether the changes are necessary from the CDM regulations 1994 and in terms of whether these changes have brought about the desired results and effect on the industry that it intended I.e. have the CDM regulations brought about an improvement in the safety of site work with regards to a clearer, faster and easier process of implementation. Having looked at a wide range of literature and internet sites on the CDM regulations it is clear to me that there was evidence that the introduction of the CDM regulations was regarded by professionals as advantageous to the industry, however there are certain people that believe it has been less effective than it should have been on the industry. Although people have highlighted problems with the CDM regulations it is definitely an introduction by the government that is here to stay. This consideration has led me to undertake research into whether the new legislation has been implemented successfully and whether the changes are necessary. This was implemented under the research title; the implementation of the CDM regulations under the CDM co-ordinators. The CDM regulations have the potential to make a significant impact on the industry with regards to health and safety however it is unrealistic to think that this can be achieved very quickly without encountering any problems in an area which has had much debate regarding this topic. It will take time before the new legislation will be free flowing however improvements in both effectiveness and efficiency can be expected as lessons are learnt. E.g. more home CDM co-ordinators becoming qualified. The following information in this chapter gives further details about the principle objectives for this research topic. Aim As a result the fundamental aim of this study is to determine whether the Health and Safety Commissions aim is achievable and thus, determine whether there is a foreseeable optimistic future for the reduction of accidents within the construction industry. The overall aim of the project is to produce a coherent document which catalogues, in which detail the impacts which the CDM regulations have had upon the construction industry and which encapsulates some original, primary research. Objectives This aim will be investigated through a series of key objectives: To provide an understanding on the CDM regulations, evaluating the need, efficiency and reliability of them; To establish different professions understanding of the CDM regulations; To establish the application of the CDM regulations at both organisational level and implementation of the CDM regulations; To determine whether there is a foreseeable optimistic future for the reduction of accidents within the construction industry; To examine, compare and contrast the perceptions of construction professionals in order to determine whether the number of accidents on construction sites are likely to significantly decrease in the next five years; To assess whether the construction professionals are sufficiently protected by the CDM regulations and identify any implementing techniques that aid, or otherwise, the CDM regulations. The study will follow with a review of current literature regarding the effectiveness of the CDM regulations, and a description of the methodology used in order to collect and analyse the results of the data collected. The outcome of the findings will be discussed and conclusions will be made incorporating both limitations of the study and recommendations for future research. Outline Research Methodology My research topic has incorporated two research approaches in order to collect information which were the following: secondary data collection and fieldwork research. Secondary data collection This form of research refers to the ‘desk study’’ approach where data is obtained from sources that cite from primary sources. This method had been used to achieve the first, fourth and fifth objectives. These sources will be critically appraised by means of a systematic literature review which will cover textbooks, newspaper articles, research journals, thesis, reports, trade publications, etc. Fieldwork research This form of research refers to the methods of primary data collection which can take the form of a number of practical approaches. This method of research was accomplished to utilise objectives two and three. The selected method for this thesis will be a structured survey approach in the form of personal interviews and a questionnaire. This method was selected as it is the best form of gathering data from a large number of respondents in a relatively short time frame. The interviews and questionnaires will adopt a semi structured format, employing mainly open questions to gather the data. The research method is a way in which the research objective can be questioned and achieved. Throughout my research I will be using a number of core sources of references such as the books, the internet, newspapers, companies, journals and questionnaires in order to carry out my objectives. I will decide upon the most appropriate research strategy which can be carried out in two ways depending on the purpose of the study and the type and availability of the information required. These two methods can be classified as â€Å"Quantitative† and â€Å"Qualitative†. Quantitative research can be defined as â€Å"objective† in nature. It involves the description or analysis of statistical procedures that involves specific measurements of variables to determine whether a theory holds true. Qualitative research on the other hand can be defined as â€Å"subjective† in nature. It does not involve the use of specific variables, but relies on reasons behind various aspe cts of data. It emphasises the means, experiences and different descriptions of topics from different authors points of view. Chapter Two: Literature Review Introduction This chapter is intended to critically appraise issues and statements identified by the literature review and ascertain the industries, practitioners and authors opinions of the progress, implementation and success of the CDM regulations. A wide range of key literature from sources such as research journals, refereed conferences, thesis, textbooks, reports, trade publications and newspaper articles on this research topic were reviewed, analysed and appraised of their strengths and weaknesses. To best demonstrate these perceptions the author has chosen to break the critical appraisal into the following sub-headings; Cost of Implementation, Health and Safety Training, Additional Paperwork, Success of CDM. In doing so, it is anticipated that some individuals connected with the construction industry will be interviewed and their views on the success or failure of the CDM regulations on the construction industry. It is anticipated that these views will be assessed in conjunction with valid information gathered in relation to the CDM regulations and how they have developed within the UK in recent years. There will also be an assessment of how the CDM regulations could be improved upon, and how the project has contributed to this assessment. Chapter Three: CDM Regulations 2007 3.0 CDM Regulations 2007 The new Construction (Design and Management) Regulations were brought into place on the 6th April 2007 in order to consolidate the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994 as well as the Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996 into one regulatory package. In order to help achieve the implementation of this new process the supporting guidance for these regulations has been revised with the aid of a new approved code of practice available to assist each professional with their individual duties under the CDM regulations 2007. http://www.martineau-johnson.co.uk/publication_event/updates/CDM%20regulations%202007%20Flyer%20April.pdf It is necessary for all professionals involved in the construction industry to be aware of the new CDM regulations 2007 as they apply to all construction work. The aims of these regulations are to: Improve health and safety within the construction industry; Ensure that there are the right people for the right job at the right time to manage the potential risks on site; To focus on effective planning and managing risk manage the risk not the paperwork. 3.1 The Client A client can be described as an individual or organisation who in the course or furtherance of a business has a construction project carried out by another or himself, this however excludes domestic clients but not domestic premises. A domestic client is someone who lives or will live, in the premises where the work is carried out. The roles of the client under the new CDM regulations 2007 are similar to that of the 1994 regulations however they have been given a higher profile with emphasis on providing the construction team is provided with strong leadership and ensure that the client is responsible for their influence on the HS of people working on, or affected by the project. It is the role of the client under the CDM regulations to appoint a CDM coordinator and a principal contractor on all notifiable projects in order to advise and co-ordinate activities. It is the responsibility of the client to carry out a number of duties on all projects: Must check all appointee’s competence and resources using the ACoP competence criteria; Must also ensure that enough time and resource is provided to allow the project to be delivered safely, what you want, when you want it and on budget; Provide key information to contractors and designers; Ensure everyone involved with the project co-operate and co-ordinate their activities; Establish a competent project team as soon as possible to ensure the project is safe to build, safe to use, safe to maintain and deliver good value; Ensure suitable management arrangements are in place; Ensure adequate welfare facilities are on site; Ensure workplaces are designed correctly which should comply with the WHSW. On all notifiable projects the clients must carry out the above duties as well as: They must appoint a competent CDM Co-ordinator and provide them with key information; They must appoint a competent principal contractor; Ensure that there are suitable welfare facilities provided on site as well as a construction phase health and safety plan has been produced before the construction phase can start; Retain and provide access to the HS file as well as revise it with any new information; It is not the responsibility of the client to audit or supervise the work on site. In order for the client to explain their management arrangements then they may ask their project team or contractors to do this for them. For small projects where contractors employ less than 5 people then demonstrating management arrangements may be in the form of an oral briefing rather than have everything in writing. The client must perform simple checks regularly to ensure their management arrangements are being followed which include there is adequate protection for workers and the public on site, ensuring that there is good co-operation and communication between the contractors and the designers. They must also ask the contractors to confirm that the arrangements they agreed upon have been implemented. 3.2 The Coordinator The person appointed to advise and assist the client on how to comply with the CDM Regulations during the project, and to ensure that suitable arrangements are made and implemented for the co-ordination of health and safety measures during planning and preparation for the construction phase. The CDM coordinators replaced the role of the Planning Supervisor under the CDM regulations 1994 and are only appointed on notifiable contracts but this appointment must be made early. This role has been changed due to the overall consideration that the Planning Supervisor has not been a success with more expectation placed on the new role of the coordinator. The main aim of the coordinator is to act to reduce risks during the construction process rather than to generate unnecessary paperwork. The CDM coordinator has the responsibility to carry out a number of Duties during the project: Advise the client about selecting competent designers and contractors; Help identify what information will be needed by designers and contractors; Co-ordinate the arrangements for health and safety of planning and design work; Ensure that HSE is notified of the project (unless a domestic client); Advise on the suitability of the initial construction phase plan; Prepare a health and safety file (information for the client to enable future cleaning, maintenance and alterations to be carried out safely) You are the key advisor to the client and the catalyst for effective communication and co-ordination throughout the project A CDM coordinators role can be filled by anybody, however they must fulfil the competence requirements given in the ACoP, if no appointment has been made then it is generally the client who will carry out this role. 3.3 The Designer A designers duties under the CDM regulations applies to all construction work including domestic projects as well as non-notifiable ones. A designer can be described as someone that carries out the design process or specifies building work I.e. makes any project related decision, which therefore means there are a wide number of parties that can fall under this profession, such as Design and construction contractors, civil and structural engineers, clients who specify, etc. A designer has the responsibility to carry out their duties on all projects involving construction work. This includes: Making sure that the Client is aware of his duties; Making sure the client is adequately resourced and competent to carry out their own duties such as the health and safety issues that are involved with the design of a project; Provide substantial information about any potential risks that may be associated with the design that can be put in the health and safety file; Coordinating their work with others in order to improve the way potential risks are managed and controlled; Co-operate with others such as CDM Co-ordinators and the Principal Contractor; Avoiding foreseeable risks during the design work for people involved on the current and future uses of the structure. They should also eliminate hazards and risks associated with those hazards that remain. The most important role for a competent designer is to eliminate the hazards and reduce risks. 3.4 The Principal Contractor The changes in the CDM regulations have brought little change to the duties of the principal contractor. An early appointment of a principal contractor by the client is necessary on all notifiable projects. The principal contractor must ensure that everyone they appoint such as sub-contractors as competent. The main aim of the PC is to ensure that the construction phase is properly planned, managed, monitored and resourced. The principal contractor has a number of duties that must be carried out throughput the project: Inform contractors of the minimum time allowed for planning and preparation Provide relevant information to contractors Ensure safe working, co-ordination and co-operation between contractors Construction phase health and safety plan is prepared and implemented Plan needs to set out the organisation and arrangements for managing risk and co-ordinating work Plan should be tailored to the particular project and risks involved Suitable welfare from the start Prepare and enforce site rules as required Give reasonable direction to contractors including client appointed contractors Prevent unauthorised entry Provide plan to those who need it Promptly provide the CDM co-ordinator with information for the file Liaise with CDM co-ordinator in relation to design and design changes Ensure all workers have been provided with suitable health and safety induction, information and training Ensure the workforce is consulted about health and safety matters Display key project information to workers It is not the responsibility of the PC to provide training for workers they do no employ however contractors do. Neither do they have to undertake detailed supervision of contractors work. The construction phase plan must only be filled in with relevant information rather then endless generic paperwork. Other Contractors Sub Contractors are present on all projects not just notifiable ones. They are unable to start work on a construction site until they have obtained the pre construction information necessary from the client or PC. The sub contractors must manage their own work to make sure that their workers are safe as well as ensuring that hey and those they appoint are completely competent and adequately resourced. On all projects they must: Inform any contractor that they engage, of the minimum amount of time they have for planning and preparation Provide their workers (whether employed or self-employed) with any necessary information and training and induction Report anything that they are aware of that is likely to endanger the HS of themselves or others Ensure that any design work they do complies with CDM design duties Comply with the duties for site health and safety Co-operate and co-ordinate with others working on the project Consult the workforce Not begin work unless they have taken reasonable steps to prevent unauthorised access to the site Obtain specialist advice (e.g. from a structural engineer or occupational hygienist) where necessary On notifiable projects they must: Check that a CDM co-ordinator has been appointed and HSE notified before they start work Co-operate with the principal contractor, CDM co-ordinator and others working on the project Tell the principal contractor about risks to others created by their work Comply with any reasonable directions from the principal contractor Work in accordance with the construction phase plan Inform the principal contractor of the identity of any contractor he appoints or engages Inform the principal contractor of any problems with the plan or risks identified during their work that have significant implications for the management of the project Inform the principal contractor about any death, injury, condition or dangerous occurrence Provide information for the health and safety file Chapter Four: Methodology This chapter discusses the different methodological approaches for this study. Detailed accounts of the specific research strategies are also examined, highlighting the methods used to analyse and interpret the data collected. Finally, the location of the study and methodological restrictions are also considered. Comparative data can be collected in various forms, these being experimental, commercial and â€Å"official† data. Experimental data was chosen because it is derived from real life situations, and this was essential giving the fundamental aim of assessing the future of the CDM regulations. Nevertheless, it must be acknowledged that the reliability of experimental data is largely dependant on the willingness and honesty of the professional to participate (Morris et al., 2001). Research Strategies In order to explore the main perceptions and attitudes of principal contractors, a self completition postal questionnaire was decided on rather than a telephone survey or an interview survey primarily because it was Christmas time during the main period of data collection, and so it was assumed many construction workers would be on their Christmas break and would not be available for an interview or present in the office for a telephone inquiry. The idea behind the postal questionnaire was that they could complete it and send it back whenever they had time. Questionnaires are an â€Å"indispensable tool when primary data is required about people, their behaviour, attitudes, opinions and awareness of specific issues†. The questionnaires were enclosed with a self addressed envelope, intending to speed up and ensure the return of the questionnaires. One potential problem with the questionnaires was that they might not be filled out by the right person. Twenty principal contractors were randomly selected from a list of construction companies in the counties of Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire, provided by the yellow pages. Each company was contacted by telephone to explain the basis of the study find out who to send it to, and gain his or her agreement to participate. A tick box at the bottom of every questionnaire gave the farmer the choice of whether or not they wanted to be contacted again, in the hope of setting up a number of interviews. The questionnaire design was of a semi-qualitative design, as the questionnaires incorporated a number of open and closed questions. The closed questions differed between multiple choices, dichotomous, likert, categorical and scaled questions. Although, open questions can be more difficult to understand and are perhaps harder to analyse than closed questions, it was important to include the

Development of Anthropology as a Discipline in the United States Essays

Development of Anthropology as a Discipline in the United States I. Early History of Anthropology in the United States 1870-1900 â€Å"The roots of anthropology lie in the eye-witness accounts of travelers who have journeyed to lands on the margins of state-based societies and described their cultures and in the efforts of individuals who have analyzed the information collected. In the late 1960’s and early 1970’s, a number of anthropologists recognized that the practice of anthropology was intimately linked to commerce and colonial expansion.† (Patterson 1) There were essentially three â€Å"schools† of anthropological thinking by the First World War and after. The first, cultural determinism, maintained by Franz Boas and his students, stressed the interrelation of â€Å"ethnology, linguistics, folklore, archaeology as an autonomous academic discipline† (Patterson 55). The second was physical anthropology, whose major proponent was Ales Hrdlicka of the National Museum; it stressed biology and wanted physical anthropology to be a distinct academic discipline. The third was the eugenics movement, propagated by Charles B Davenport, it maintained that the status of eugenics, or racial hierarchization, was a legitimate science and asserted the supremacy of White Anglo-Saxon Protestants. Because of page constraints we will not examine closely physical anthropology, as it is not absolutely vital in a treatment of the development of anthropology as a discipline, but briefly it is the application of biological data and principles t o the study man in society. Anthropology in the United States in the period immediately following the Revolution and the drafting of the constitution was used to fulfill three purposes: (1) forge a national iden... ...f Columbia’s first instructors in anthropology; he used his positions at the American Museum of Natural History and Columbia University to train a generation of anthropologists. Boas, by 1932, had instructed a sizeable number of people from these marginalized groups, who were lumped together as savages or inferior races. We must remember however, as Dr. Paterson points out, that, â€Å"Anthropology was professionalized during a period characterized by intense discrimination against people of color, immigrants, women, and poor folks† (65). Works Cited Boas, Franz. â€Å"Report on the Academic Teaching of Anthropology.† In American Anthropologist, 21:41-48, 1919. Kroeber, A.L. â€Å"The Place of Anthropology in Universities.† In American Anthropologist, 56: 754-767, 1954. Patterson, Thomas C. A Social History of Anthropology in the United States. Oxford: Berg, 2001.

Ethics of Rendition Essay

This study begins by stating that nulla poena sine lege, meaning that no person may be punished except in accordance with the law. In every instance, there must be a law governing and prescribing punishment. Further to that non omne quod licet honestum est, meaning that not everything that is permissible or even lawful is honest or honorable. There are limitations in respect of this maxim. Finally, it would also like to state that apices juris non sunt jura or non congruit de apicibus juris disputare, meaning that legal principles must not be carried to their most extreme consequences, regardless of equity and good sense. This study deems it fit to address the issue of rendition within the three maxims mentioned there above. It is worth while to note that rendition is not only a legal issue but also an ethical issue, so to speak. Therefore this study will take into consideration several ethical theories to enrich the theoretical perspective of this study. The section on findings and discussion will give a critical synthesis between law and morality discussed in this study. This will also be the part where this study will give its own stance regarding ethics of rendition. Research Questions Q. To what extent can rendition be justified? Q. Is it justifiable in law and in morality? Literature Review This section will explore in depth the notion of rendition and its impact on contemporary society. It will look at how different governments feel about it especially in the United States. Rendition is defined as the act of shifting a person from one nation to another for imprisonment and interrogation through the use of torture, which would not be permissible if they remained in a certain country. Extraordinary rendition involves the transportation of suspected foreign terrorists or other persons suspected of crimes, to other countries for interrogation and imprisonment. Looking at the above definition one can already dismiss the rationale of rendition off-hand. Just before even getting to the aspect of torture in it, why would a government take advantage of another country’s laws? Why is it hard for such a government to enact laws friendly to rendition in their own country? There are so many other queries that need to be addressed here. It is believed that the aim of extraordinary rendition is to make suspects provide intelligence information by torturing them. These suspects are either sent to facilities sponsored by the US government or can be left in the hands of foreign governments. As mentioned earlier, suspects are transported to countries whose laws do not prohibit torture and abusive treatment. In this regard, extraordinary rendition allows acts of torture towards detained suspects notwithstanding the fact that torture is an offence, at least, under international law no matter the cost. This practice is believed to have begun back in 1990s but gained its momentum following the September 9/11 attacks on US. It is also believed that this policy re-appeared during the reign of Bill Clinton although it grew in strength during the reign of George Bush. It is estimated that 150 foreign nationals have been victims of torture as a result of rendition in the last few years alone. In most cases this foreign nationals have purportedly been suspected for terrorist acts. After their transportation, detention and interrogation takes place in countries like Jordan, Egypt, Diego Garcia, Iraq, Afghanistan, Egypt and Guantanamo. Robert Baer, the former CIA agent, is on record for having said that if one wants a serious interrogation then the culprit should be sent to Jordan. If the aim is to torture them then the best place would be Syria and if the aim is to make a victim disappear and never to be seen again, then the best place would be Egypt. There are allegations that US intelligence agencies have sent terror suspects for interrogation by security officials in different countries. By so doing, they put them in a situation where they cannot be protected by the American Law. Some persons confess that they were flown to countries like Syria and Egypt by CIA agencies where they were tortured. The US government and its intelligence agencies believe that their operations are legally justified. Even though US officials agree that terror suspects have been transported to other countries for interrogation, they vehemently deny that acts of torture take place when they get there. The former US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice is on record for having said that all American interrogators act within the UN Convention on Torture. She went further to state that they adhere to this Convention while exercising their duties in US or in another country. There are several documents that detail human rights legislation, for instance: (a)Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions (b) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UNDHR) (c) United Nations Convention Against Torture (UNCAT) and (d) US Constitution. Surprising enough is that US government is a signatory of each of these treatises. This study believes that by the fact that United States identifies with the principles in each of these documents it should be the first nation to safeguard victims against acts of torture. Nonetheless, the impression is that US promotes extraordinary rendition in the name of war on terror. Then why would one not accuse US government of hypocrisy or cynical relativism in terms of its commitment to human rights and civil rights laws? Moreover, the fact that US are a signatory to the abovementioned documents it needs to terminate programs that violate human dignity. The Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions The Geneva Convention set the standards for international law as far as humanitarian issues are concerned. Its central concern was the treatment of civilians as well as prisoners of war. Its principles safeguard against human rights violations and establish universally acceptable standards and approaches relating to detained victims in times of war. The Convention forbids any form of physical or mental torture or any other kind of coercion towards suspects in a bid to gather information from them. It further states that even if the prisoners fail to open up during the interrogation process they should not be intimidated or abused or maltreated for that matter. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights The fifth article in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that â€Å"no person shall be put to torturous acts or inhuman treatment or punishment†. Apart from providing an injunction against torture it further restricts the utilization of â€Å"degrading treatment or punishment†. In the sixth article, it states that every person has a right to recognition before the law no matter where the person is or could be. The eighth article invalidates the CIA’s practice of â€Å"extraordinary rendition†. This article states as follows: â€Å"Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law†. This study believes that whenever prisoners are transported to other countries chances that this protocol will be observed are quite minimal. The ninth article prohibits the arrest of persons with no proper justification, including detention or exile. This provision prevents United States from carrying out extraordinary rendition activities. The tenth article essentially invokes what in Latin can be termed as habeas corpus which literally means that one may have the body. It is a writ ordering a person to be brought before a court or judge so that the court may ascertain whether his detention is lawful or not. United Nations Convention against Torture This convention has an international scope on human rights protection. This Convention is greatly endorsed by the United Nations and its observance is extremely mandatory for all the member states who are signatory to it. As mentioned earlier, United States is a signatory of this document so it has no option but to adhere to its provisions. This Convention states that all signatories should create appropriate measures to safeguard against torturous acts within their territories and prohibits countries from transferring persons to other countries so that they might torture them. Article two states that every state ought to exercise appropriate legislative measures, administration and judicial measures to fight any elements of torture under its jurisdiction. It further states that under no circumstances can torture be justified. The circumstances could be a state of war or a threat of war or public emergency. It also does not matter whether such orders come from the top officers, torture remains unjustified. In article three it states that no person may be transported to another state to be interrogated or tortured simply because that country’s laws allow it. The Constitution of the United States It is quite impressive to discover that the practice of extraordinary rendition is not only prohibited as seen in the three Conventions discussed above, but the US constitution is against it as well. The Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Eighth Amendments are a clear indication that US holds a no-policy towards extraordinary rendition. These amendments prohibit arbitrary search and seizure of individual and/or property; it also invokes the right to due process of law, as in, the concept of habeas corpus mentioned above. In this light, US government contradicts the spirit of its constitution whenever they indulge in extraordinary rendition. Deontology versus Utilitarianism Deontological moral theory is also a Non-Consequentialist moral theory. While consequentialists believe that the end always justify the means, deontologists assert that the rightness of an action is not simply qualified by maximizing the good alone, it must be that the action fulfils what is considered moral. It is the inherent nature of the act alone that determines its ethical standing. Or better still, utilinitarianism believe that one should always exploit the good in his/her actions while deontologism believes that it is not the pursuit of the good but it is the moral worthiness in the act. Virtue Ethics is not much concerned with rules, consequences and specific acts but it puts more emphasis on the subject of the actions. In other words, it is interested with the person who is responsible for acting. It holds that acting in accordance with given rules; or analyzing the good outcome of the actions is not what should only count. The most primary thing is whether the subject of the actions, in this case the individual, exhibits elements of good character or moral virtues or not. Unlike utilitarianism which is concerned with the maximization of the good in performing a given act, virtue ethics instead, focuses on the moral quality exhibited by the agent of the actions. Therefore, the dictum that the end justifies the means has no place in virtue ethics. On the other hand, deontologism is somehow a normative approach to ethics which typically evaluates the actions of an individual in relation to moral standards in the objective order. Both utilitarianism and deontology focus on the actions of the agent contrary to virtue ethics which is a complete turn to the subject that is acting. Findings and Discussion Throughout this study it can be seen that there is no where that extraordinary rendition has been justified. The reader taking part in this study can clearly ascertain that rendition has no place either in law or in morality. Furthermore, it cannot be justified no matter the circumstance. This study however believes that persons who destabilize peace and stability should be dealt with accordingly. In any way, they should be eliminated in the society. Looking at the intention of extraordinary rendition, it stands justified in that it serves as a deterrent kind of punishment. Literally, it makes the culprits pay for the wrongs they have committed. In the contemporary society crime cannot be something that anybody will brush under the carpet, it is important that preventive measures be put in place. The Conventions discussed in this study clearly indicate that extraordinary rendition is an offence in law. Now, the problem is that this study does not understand to what extent each of these Conventions applies. It was stated very clearly that signatories to these Conventions are bound by them; so do these same Conventions apply to countries like Syria, Jordan or Egypt which are clearly the preferred destinations for acts of interrogation and torture. This study cannot fail to mention that most countries, or instance, Syria or Egypt are sovereign and with authentic constitutions. Could it be that their constitutions allow extraordinary renditions? Or is it that their laws do not care about such practices? This means that a country need not legalize torture but the fact that its laws say nothing about acts of rendition it becomes a reason to practice them. From a utilitarian ethical viewpoint, the end qualifies the means so long as the acts brings desirable end. This means that utilitarianism supports extraordinary rendition insofar as it will eliminate same crime occurring in the future. On the contrary, deontological ethical viewpoint believes that what should be investigated is the act itself not the consequences. As such, torture is immoral whether a nation recognizes it in law or not. This study confidently declares torture an immoral thing and something that should not be used as a form of punishment. Finally, this study would like to reiterate that the contemporary world needs to enact stiff measures to ensure that all criminals have been completely wiped out. No person should disturb another person’s peace. It also believes that due process of law is the best way to deal with criminals. Imprisonment in itself is maximum punishment since it denies such criminals opportunities for further commitment of crime. Conclusion This study has explored the meaning of extraordinary rendition and its implications. So far, there is no where in this study has it been justified. Much of its practice has been adopted by the United States government in its war on terror. From the Conventions it is clear that the practice of torturous acts remains entirely prohibited no matter the cost. It has also been indicated that the major proponents of extraordinary rendition, the United States for this matter, prohibit such practice in their constitution. This study has also highlighted two ethical standpoints namely deontologism and utilitarianism. Inasmuch as utilitarianism justifies the means due to the perceived good it does not offer any justification for extraordinary rendition. So, human dignity should be upheld at all times. This study invites persons with malicious intentions to reconsider their attitudes and evade practices that would make them be treated inhumanly. Bibliography Alfred W. McCoy, (2006). A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation from the Cold War to the War on Terror (New York, Metropolitan Books) p. 60. Craig R. Ducat, (2000). Constitutional Interpretation: Rights of the Individual, Vol. II (Belmont, Wadswoth/Thomson Learning), E33. 18 Garret T. (2005). Virtue Theory. London International Committee of the Red Cross, International Humanitarian Law – Third 1949 Geneva Convention. http://www. icrc. org/ihl. nsf/FULL/375? OpenDocument> Jeremy Brecher et al. (2005). eds. , In the Name of Democracy: American War Crimes in Iraq and Beyond, (New York, Metropolitan Books) p. 304-5. Korsgaard, Christine M. (2003). Punishment & Legality: Extraordinary Rendition. New York: Cambridge University Noam Chomsky, (1999). The Umbrella of U. S. Power: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Contradictions of U. S. Policy (New York, Seven Stories Press) p. 71. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, http://www2. ohchr. org/english/law/cat. htm> Schumpeter J. (2006). The Understanding of Deontology Moral Theory. Oxford University Press Stephen Grey, (2007). Ghost Plane: The True Story of the CIA Rendition and Torture Program. New York.

Complete Guide How to Write a Good Tourism Term Paper

Complete Guide How to Write a Good Tourism Term Paper A tourism term paper is a paper that is written at the end of an academic term when you get the knowledge of the travel and tourism industry. Despite the fact that this field may seem to be easy to study, it requires a thoughtful examination and analysis. This type of writing is intended to describe an issue, event, or argue a point based on in-depth research. However, it should be mentioned that a topic of a term paper has to be covered during the semester to provide students with basic knowledge about it. In general, a term paper should be several typed pages in length to present a detailed outline of the selected subject. As a result, tourism term paper writing should demonstrate and analyze the tourism sphere of a particular area within a country from various perspectives, such as economic, social, or geographical ones. Furthermore, a tourism term paper is considered to be a significant student’s work that influences the grade. It requires personal thoughts, critical analysis of a matter, and factual information. Due to the fact that the tourism industry is closely connected with various sectors, such as the economy, sociology, and international relations, you can conduct precise research through the prism of those disciplines. Therefore, to start writing your tourism term paper, you should get familiar with this tourism term paper writing guide to direct yourself in the right way of tourism research paper writing. 5 Types of Term Paper Writing to Deal with Before starting to write your term paper on tourism, you should consider the type of term paper you are asked to deal with. Sometimes, it is written in an assignment given to you by your instructor. That’s why it is always useful to look through all the assignments attentively. Having understood their key requirements, you will be able to write a paper successfully. If there is no notification of what type of writing you need to come up with, use the following information to choose the most appropriate one. 1. Argumentative Term Paper An argumentative type of writing presents some strong arguments on both sides of the selected issue to portray it accurately. Moreover, if you choose this type of a term paper, you have to analyze all distinct aspects of each argument and support those arguments with valid evidence from the well-known researchers’ studies. At the end of the argumentative term paper, you have to favor one side in the argument. But at the same time, you should be careful to remain unbiased. For example, you can discuss whether the tourism sphere contributes to the country’s development or not by presenting the relevant facts about it. 2. Definitive Term Paper This type of term paper is intended just to present the information on a selected topic. You cannot present any analysis or own thoughts in the definition term paper. You should just demonstrate the facts from the selected research studies. However, the definition term paper can be utilized in the further investigation of the selected topic. Consequently, it is reasonable to suppose that you can use this term paper as a basis for your future examinations. For instance, you can examine the current situation of the tourism sphere in the Caribbean islands. 3. Compare and Contrast Term Paper If you choose this type of term paper, you will have to choose either two different aspects of the tourism sphere or two different areas, such as different countries, cities, or states. Therefore, you should find some features they have in common and also different features in two objects of investigation and then compare them. In this type of the term paper, you will be required to provide a topic statement and then support it with the help of various reliable sources. For compare and contrast term papers, you may address the impact of the tourism sphere in two different cities from the perspective of the environment, sociology, and economics. 4. Analytical Term Paper This type of term paper writing is very close to the argumentative one due to the fact that both papers provide various viewpoints of different researchers on a certain topic. However, the analytical term paper focuses on factual information rather than personal points of view. Therefore, you should concentrate on the methodology the researcher utilized while investigating the issue or describing his or her findings from a factual point of view. As an example, you may study the impact of the tourism sector on the country’s economic status. 5. Interpretive Term Paper The interpretive term paper presents your critical thinking skills. Therefore, you may be required to discuss some issues related to the tourism sphere or provide some solutions to the selected issue. In general, this type of paper requires a demonstration of your knowledge about the topic. However, the same as the other types of term papers, the interpretive term paper should contain some supporting points from the reliable sources. For example, you can investigate the improvements of the tourism sphere in the developing countries. 10 Tourism Term Paper Topics: Know How to Choose a Topic When you are familiar with the type of term paper writing you’re required to follow in your own writing, you should select an appropriate topic for it. As it was mentioned before, a tourism sphere is connected with various fields, but you have to choose only one to make your paper more precise. If your professor did not provide you with the list of acceptable topics for your term paper, you could choose it on your own. The beneficial point of selecting the topic on your own is that you are allowed to choose the one that is interesting for you. Develop and update tourism industry knowledge by compulsive work. Nevertheless, there is a probability that the professor may consider your topic to be inappropriate for the term paper. Therefore, you should be careful with this choice. So you have to consider the relevance and breadth of the topic selected on your own. If your topic is narrow and obsolete, you may face the difficulty in finding reliable sources and meeting the word count. The following topics may help you to create your own topic: The Importance of the Tourism Sphere; Leading International Organisation in Travel and Tourism; The Government Involvement in the Tourism Industry; New Trends in the Tourism Industry: What Promotes Them Today? Factors that May Affect Tourism; Advantages and Disadvantages of the Fast Development of Tourism; The Degree of Control over the Tourism Business in Today’s World; Supporting Key Tourism Interests During a Financial Crisis; Top Advances in Technology That Simplify the Way of Traveling; 10 Tourism Services That Are Available Today and That Will Be Available in 20 Years. The Structure of the Tourism Term Paper That Looks Coherent Each academic paper has a certain structure that students should follow to make their paper coherent and cohesive. Moreover, if your paper is well-organized, it will be easier to convince the reader. In general, all academic papers start with the title, and accordingly, it should be compelling to attract the reader. Look at the last topic from the list mentioned above. Will it be interesting to know what suggestions are given concerning the future development of tourism services? Introduction The next point you usually see after the title is an introduction. To start with, this part of the paper is the most significant because it is supposed to demonstrate the entire work you do. Usually, the introduction consists of the background information you want your readers to know. Besides, include an opening statement and thesis statement. If you have chosen the first topic from the list mentioned before, you may present the general role of the tourism sphere in the world. Then, you can demonstrate the primary functions of the tourism in the developing and developed countries. Furthermore, you should create a precise thesis statement as it is the central idea of your paper that will be further expanded. The thesis statement should be only one sentence long. But at the same, it has to be long enough to present your side of the matter. Body Without any doubt, you realize the importance of this part in your term paper. Unlike the other parts of the paper, this one should contain at least 3 main parts that are connected logically. For the argumentative type of the essay that is chosen as an example, it should be mentioned that all possible arguments and counterarguments are presented in separate parts of writing. Moreover, you should use some in-text citations to support your points and persuade the reader that you do extensive research beforehand. The usual structure of the paragraphs contains a topic sentence, evidence, and concluding sentence. As a result, one have to state that the main body should be informative enough to convince the reader. Conclusion In the conclusion section, you have to summarize all the points mentioned in the main body and restate your thesis statement. Therefore, this part of the paper is the last chance to convince the professor about the significant role of your research paper in the tourism industry. Use neither citations nor present new information. Therefore, the conclusion has to resemble a smaller version of the main body. Our Writers Know Best: 3 Ways of Referring to the Information Sources Correctly In general, tourism term papers are written in an APA style. Sometimes, some instructors modify the paper requirements, â€Å"Write a term paper in MLA†. Therefore, you may find some information on the internet to enhance confidence in the correct formatting your term paper. However, if you are still required to utilize the APA style of referencing, you may follow the tourism term paper writing tips presented below. 1. In-Text Citations The in-text citations are used to support the points mentioned in the main body. You need to use in-text citations properly to avoid any plagiarism issue. You should use quotation marks to insert some direct citations and mention all the required information on a source. Usually, it is the last name of an author and number of the page in the brackets if you follow MLA style. Therefore, it should look like this: According to the survey, it has been noticed that â€Å"people tend to form two approaches to choosing a hotel, which is divided into attitudes-towards-hotel-brand and attitude-toward-the ad† (Author’s last name page number). 2. Paraphrasing Some in-text citations can be paraphrased. Therefore, it has to be also cited correctly. For example, It can be assumed that the involvement of Artificial Intelligence creates the prospects for the development of the hospitality industry and provides the platform for scientific improvements of the technology market (Author’s last name page number). 3. Reference List Before you start writing the term paper, you should compile a reference list. This list contains all the sources that you are going to use. The reference list should be created on the separate page. If you utilize an MLA style of referencing, this page should be named ‘’. If you choose an APA style, it should be named ‘References’. For example, the reference in APA looks like this: Last name, Initials, Last name, Initials (year of publication). Name of the work. Publisher, pages. Proofreading Is Essential for Good Term Paper Writing The process of proofreading is significant because you can recognize whether the paper lacks some points in its organization or correct writing. Therefore, there are different ways of how to perform proofreading: You can read your term paper out loud. It will help you to spot run-on sentences. Reread your paper as many times as possible. But you should do it on different days. Basically, it looks like: today you finish writing → tomorrow you’ll read a term paper to correct some possible issues → the day after tomorrow you’ll reread a paper once again to make sure that everything is correct. You can ask someone to read your work instead of you. Keep in mind that this someone should be quite experienced to recognize some weaknesses in your writing. You can utilize some computer spelling checkers to ensure that the paper does not have any spelling mistakes that you may make accidentally. We are sure that if you follow all our tourism term paper writing prompts mentioned earlier, your tourism term paper will receive the highest possible mark. You deserve to be highly appreciated. Just take the crucial steps for successful academic writing.

Tupac Shakur, Thug Poet essays

Tupac Shakur, Thug Poet essays Tupac Amaru Shakur was born Lesane Parish Crooks, in Brooklyn, New York on June 16, 1971. As a child, Tupac lived an impoverished life and his family struggled when Tupacs step father, Mutula Shakur (who was a member of the Black Panthers) was sentenced to six years in prison, after taking part in a fatal armored car robbery. Tupac and his family moved from Brooklyn to the Bronx, to Harlem, and to different homeless shelters throughout the city. As a young teen, Tupacs family moved to Baltimore, and Tupac attended The Baltimore School for the Performing Arts. Tupac had started to show interest and excel in acting when his family packed up and moved once again, this time to Oakland, California (White, 13-30). Throughout Tupac Shakurs entire childhood, he always felt as if he didnt fit in because he never got the chance to settle in one area for an extended period of time. In Oakland, Tupac began to, as he called it, hang with the wrong crowd (TupacFans.com). Tupac became involv ed with hip-hop at the age of fifteen. Seven years later, Tupac released his solo album debut, 2Pacalypse Now. His first album, like the rest of his music and poetry which he would go on to write in the years that followed, addressed the societal problems of the urban lifestyle. Tupac knew all of these problems well, because he had dealt with all of them while growing up. Tupacs first hit single, Brendas Got A Baby, launched his career and put him in the spotlight. Before he released his second album, titled Strictly for my N.I.G.G.A.Z., Tupac landed a role in the film Juice. As Tupacs fame grew, his message was heard by more and more people around the world. Tupac Shakurs music and poetry were written by the society that surrounded the troubled rapper, and at the same time, his music and poetry rewrote the views that people had on the urban life of which poverty-stricken ...

Middle east Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Middle east - Essay Example He was a prominent composer of the Classical period and he played an important part in developing chamber music, like the piano trio and he is also known as the Father of Symphony. A prominent characteristic of Haydn’s music is the development of the sonata form and simple musical motifs, which he derived from large structures. Haydn was more interested in monothematic exposition, in which the music is dominant is similar to the theme that is presented in the opening. Unlike other composers, there was humor found in Haydn’s compositions like the Surprise Symphony; his compositions were particularly developed for the delight of a prince. His compositions also reflected his own personality, which was healthy and well-balanced. The role of Haydn was important, because he proved to be an example for other composers like Beethoven. He is known for his contributions towards Opera and chamber music; he made 42 compositions fro opera, 29 compositions for oratorios, 120 compositions for cantatas and many compositions for chamber music. The most popular piece produced by Handel is Messiah, which is known in contemporary music as Hallelujah; it is a composition of choral music and is mostly sung at Christmas times. Handel also composed Music for the Royal Fireworks, which was attended by 12,000 people, when it was first performed. The transition piece, which encouraged Handel to move from Italian to English, was his choral work called Saul. Handel did a lot of experimenting in this composition with his trombones, carillon and military kettledrums. Johann Sebastian Bach was a skilled German composer and musician, who changed the German styles by introducing counterpoint, harmony and motives in his compositions. His prominent works included as an organist; he was known for composing organ works like preludes and fantasias. However, his works involving

Jacksonian era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Jacksonian era - Essay Example This societal approach evolved into a misogynistic approach that has carried over in some small social groupings to this day. Initially the idea was not meant to see the women as unfit for other roles or as less than men. It simply meant that because they bore the children and were the nursemaids naturally they were assumed to be better in that role, and as a result the idea became tradition which made it difficult to break when technology changed and made physical labor a part of industry and not the entire industry. Wage differences for women and men when working were generally drastic with very few exceptions to this. As a result of the poor conditions and rate of pay several successful labor unions for women were formed. One in 1863 was called the Collar Laundry Union; as a result of going on strike they won an increase in wages. Another was called the Daughters of St. Crispin and was formed in 1869; it was a group of women shoestitchers and was recognized as the first national w omen’s union. (Lewis 1) The advent of women’s unions helped shed light on the deplorable conditions and low pay suffered. The Lowell System was a brilliant system implemented by the mill owners in Lowell Massachusetts.

Evidence Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evidence Law - Essay Example In such cases, it is deemed that the confessions ceases to be reliable, and, as a result, may not tenable in a Court of Law. In such cases, what needs to be assessed is not what transported after the confessions was obtained, but what anteceded the confession, or in other words, the role of actions that led to the signing of the confessions by the defendants. "To justify the arrest, there had to be evidence that would lead a reasonable person to suspect that the arrestee had committed the offence." (What is a citizen's arrests 2007). In the interpretation of Section 76 (2) of the Act, it has been determined that where the prosecution wished to admit evidence in substantiation of their arguments, to establish complicity of the accused, the Courts, may disallow the said evidence to be used, if it has reasons to believe that this has been given under 'oppression' of the person, or by the occurrences of certain events or circumstances, which has rendered the evidence as unreliable. In such cases, it is for the prosecution to evidence that the evidences, true or otherwise was not obtained through "oppression' or other undesirable methods. (Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Ch 60). 2007). It is further seen under Section 78, that the law also covers exclusion of 'unfair evidence' which states, that the Courts have discretionary powers to disallow evidence brought in by the prosecution as a basis of their argument, which, in the opinion of the Court, could have an "adverse effect" on the principles of fair trial for the accused. How However, this section needs to consider taking cognizance of the inclusion of evidence when rule of law specifically provides that it should be obeyed by the Court. (Statutes: Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Ch 60): Part VIII - Evidence in Criminal proceeding: General Confession: In this case it is seen that proceedings were initiated against Mr. Harry Collingwood and Mr. Fred Vaughan after alleged possession of items that could because blasts were recovered from search of their premises. Although they maintained their innocence, they were denied services of lawyers, and were subjected to physical and mental degradation. A solicitor or appropriate adult must be permitted to consult a detainee's custody records as soon as practicable after their arrival at the station and at any other time which the person is detained. (Police and criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE). 2007). After this, they were forced to sign confessional statements accepting their complicity in the bomb blasts in Central London station. The evidences that could be used against Harry and Fred are: 1. the presence of incriminatory evidences in their premises 2. Their confessional statements forcibly made by Detective Inspector Lewis. There are various statutes which deal with the matter of explosive substances found in the possessions of residents of UK. Under the Explosive Substances Act 1883, if any explosive substances are found in the possession of a person, unless he can prove that its use was for 'lawful purposes' he could be sentenced to penal servitude for not less than 14 years, or imprisonment for 2 years. (Explosive Substances Act: 1883. 2007). In this case, if the substances were genuinely in the possession

‘Mater Card’ by American Policymakers Essay Example for Free

‘Mater Card’ by American Policymakers Essay To what extent was the atomic bomb used as a diplomatic ‘mater card’ by American policymakers at the end of the Second World War? In 1945, the unconditional surrender of German symbolized the victory of the war against Fascism in Europe. However, the situation in Far East was still extremely intention. In the 7th July of the same year, the leaders of American, Great Britain and Soviet Union - Truman, Churchill and Stalin held the third conference during the wartime in Potsdam. During the conference, the Potsdam Declaration was proposed in order to urge Japan to accept the requirement of unconditional surrender. Nevertheless, the leader of Japan ignored the declaration and refused to surrender. As a result, the America dropped two atomic bombs to Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 6th and 9th in August 1945. The explosion of these two atomic bombs has brought enormous calamity to Japan. The bomb killed 140,000 inhabitants out of the total of 350,000 in Hiroshima, as well as 70,000 out of 270,000 people in Nagasaki. These huge numbers of death have largely led to the serious concern in the Japan to consider the surrender. In the 10th august, the Japan hand in the document of surrender. After 5 days, in 15th, the American accept the unconditional surrender proposed by Japan. If we looking back to the decision of dropping the atomic bomb, it is certainly an effective way in which it will promote the surrender of Japan in earlier time. However, it is not the only purpose of dropping the atomic bomb, in fact, as the lot of diplomatists have indicated, it is also a diplomatic strategy in dealing with the relationship with the Soviet Union. By using the atomic bomb, American will deter the Soviet Union and ensure American stand in a superior stage in deciding the world pattern in post-war period. To large extent, the atomic bomb is a ‘master card’ to contain Soviet Union rather than a tool to end the Second World War. It was certain that the Americans were willing to end the war as soon as possible by using atomic bombs. Both of America and Japan had paid high expense in the Pacific battlefield. Undoubtedly, to end the war would save a vast number of lives. Herbert Feis supplied evidence that one of the cogent reasons to use the atomic bomb was for military force, to push the war to end as soon as possible. It was until 15th August 1945, several days after the atomic booming event taken place, the empire of Japan declared  surrender. It was clear that the atomic bomb made influence on Japan’s surrender progress. However, as a matter of fact, the military power of Japan was disintegrated rapidly in 1945, meanwhile, allied nations had kept applying pressure to Japan. The defeat of Japan was for certain even without the bomb threatening. Thus, in other words, to large extent, the atomic bomb was not an instrument to end the Second World War. As the war against Fascism close to end in Europe, the Allies had concentrated their forces on Japan. Especially, in December1941, the attack on Pearl Harbor had significant blow on American people. In the speech after the big event, President Roosevelt asserted that ‘I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December 7, 1941, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese empire.’ Along with American’s entering the war, the trajectory of Japan began to decline. In the Midway Battle in 1942, it had cost Japan heavily by losing a mass of air and navy power. In addition, since 1944, the American navy had tightened the stranglehold towards Japan’s ships. In the late summer of the same year, the fail of Marianas Islands, including Saipan had pushed Japan to a severer condition. For the Marianas had been an important district as a defending perimeter, Japan was under the risk of within the range of B-29 bombings. The situation was moved rapidly, thus, the defense perimeter was broken and American forces had destroyed the navy and air force. By 1945, Japan was not able to declare large scaled air and sea battles. George, the commander of the Air Forces stated that Japan could do nothing without the support of sea and air power. Indeed, with America’s enormous industrial capacity, Japan was no longer a menace to America. This was why Henry, who was commanding Army Air forces said that the position of Japan was hopeless before the bomb fell for they had lose their air control. However, the worse was that a naval blockade strangled the key approach for Japan to import oil and other raw material. Japan could hardly to produce war materials, even the food. Without these essential supplements, Japan was indeed collapsed. Truman had written in his diary that ‘I have to decide Japanese strategy, shall we invade Japan proper or shall we bomb and blockade.’ In the eyes of American, the Japanese had to be obedient to American’s order. On the other hand, the invasion of Soviet Union had make a  key influence on Japan’s capitulate. With the victory of Stalingrad, the attitude of Soviet Union began to transfer. Even in the Yalta conference, Stalin promised that Soviet Union would attack Japan after the defeat of German. Ignoring the neutrality pact, the Operation August Storm was launched in the summer of 1945. The Soviet Union started an attack on Japanese position in the area of Korea and Manchuria. During the two weeks’ wartime, Japan has lost 84,000 lives. The Soviet Union’s invasion made it hopeless for Japan to search help from Stalin to end the war peaceful. The Navy Chief Toyoda argued that, ‘I believe that the Russian participation in the war against Japan rather than the atom bombs did more to hasten the surrender.’ With the enormous of lose of military force; there was no ability for Japan to procrastinate surrender. In sum, the shortage of military force and the pressure from all the alliance nations made Japan a country around by various crises. Many experts are convinced that the bombs are almost unnecessary to end the war, for the surrender of Japan would be probably occur in any of events. In other words, the atomic bomb was not a conclusive factor to end the war. The atomic bomb, which was the most appalling weapon created in the 20 century, had played an important role for certain. Instead of ending the war, many experts had asserted that to large extent, the atomic bomb policy was used to contain the Soviet Union. As a matter of fact, American had paid most attention to concern Soviet Union as a factor in the early progress of the bomb. Some scholars had the argument that there was never any illusion but Russia was the enemy of American. The president Roosevelt had also share the similar argument that the development of atomic strategy was a part of general diplomacy, which link the wartime situation and postwar affairs. Roosevelt also agreed with Churchill the opinion of using atomic bomb as an approach to bargain with the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, the compromising policy of Roosevelt would not promote the atomic diplomacy insufficiently. In Einstein’s opinion, he argued that if President Roosevelt were still alive, he would forbid the act of atomic bombings.In the April of 1945, after the death of President Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman became a new American leader with swearing an oath. As a result of Roosevelt’s sudden death, Truman was relatively uninformed the policy towards the Soviet Union  and atomic bombs. Truman had stated that he would continue the foreign and domestic policy before, however, that he would be a president of his own belief. Without an integrated foreign policy, Truman was heavily influenced by the advisors. The lack of information about Soviet Union made the advisors easy to persuade Truman to adopt their suggestion of confronting the Soviet Union. It indicated the fundamental transition of diplomacy of America.In the other hand, after his rising to power, the Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson introduced that the existence of ‘ the most urgent matter’ the bomb. Thus, Truman was full of confidence to achieve the superpower of American with the monopoly of nuclear power. Under his influence, the diplomacy of American had become offensive. In Truman’s opinion, the Soviet Union’s communist was a factor to prevent American hegemony. To Truman, the initial notion on the new weapon was a tool of diplomatic confrontation with Russia.It was a trend to use the atomic bomb as an instrument to contain the Soviet Union. In July of 1945, the atomic bomb action was put forward to discussion of the role, which the nuclear weapon would play to contain the Soviet Union. For another aspect, it was a colossal threaten to America that the invention of the Soviet Union army into the Pacific battle field. The atomic bomb was use to end the war earlier in order to avoid Soviet’s entry into the war. In the spring of 1945, the Soviet Union had achieved the victory of the Berlin Battle. The Soviet Union had been a dominant status in the European territory. Stalin also had the careerism to gain and expand the territory in East Asia. To occupy Japan was a positive tactics for Soviet Union to sally the Asian continent.Stalin stated that Russia would share the actual occupation of Japan before the explosion of the bombs. The American government had a concession of Stalin’s willing for the reason of a requirement of assistance from Russia to defeat Japan at the beginning in the Yalta Conference. However, along with the success of the testing of atomic bombs, Japan’s defeat was for certain. America was no longer with the requirement of Russia’s assistance. Stalin still tried to participate the war with Japan and America. The American government was not satisfied with Stalin’s decision with the hope of keeping Soviet Union out of Asia. If Russia were in the war against Japan, Russia would occupy other areas in  East Asia near Japan. In another word, Manchuria, Mongolia, and also Korea would gradually under Russia’s control. Stimson had provide a view of ‘If the Russians seek joint occupation after a creditable participation in the conquest of Japan, I do not see how we could refuse them at least a token occupation’ It has proved that America was under the risk of Soviet Union’ s entry into the war. The President Truman wrote in his book ‘Years of Decisions’ that he would not to allow Russians played any role to control Japan. Consequently, the Americans had a strong will to end the war as soon as possible to avoid the Soviet Union’s invasion. Byrnes, assistant to Secretary of State, had showed the argument to support ending the war before Russian’s joining in an interview. He asserted that the President Truman had shared the same view with him that it was necessary to get Japan defeated before the Russians came in the war. Similarly, Albert Einstein announced that by any means, to push the war to end should precede the participation of the Soviet Union.These are the evidence of that American were willing to end the war and to stall the Soviet Union’s entry. On 16th July 1945, in New Mexico, the success of testing the atomic bomb’s explosion had supplied an excellent chance to end the war. The assistant to Secretary of State, Byrnes, had suggested the President Truman that the bomb could be used as a way to reduce Soviet Union’s influence in Asia by ending the war. The atomic bomb, contain tremendous power when it occurs the nuclear fission reactions. The Americans had ability to urge Japan to surrender as soon as possible by holding such a weapon with huge lethality. If Japan was defeat by Americans before the Soviet Union’s assistance, there was no excuse for Soviet Union to invade East Asia area. From this aspect, the atomic bomb was used for contain Soviet Union’s invasion by ending the Pacific war as soon as possible. In addition, the make use of Atomic bombs was the nuclear threaten to the Soviet Union. To some extent, the atomic bomb would likely to strength the American military force in order to against Soviet Union. After germen’s defeat in 8th may 1945,the entire European continent seemed to be ready up for grab. As a matter of fact, one of the most considerable affaire to the Allied nations was to modify the world pattern. However, the Soviet Union has made a dominant place in Europe with expending large amount of territory  in the European continent. The Soviet Union has become the largest army to prevent America to achieve its hegemony monopolized in the world. The success of testing atomic bomb in new Mexico had provide a ‘master card’ for America to against the soviet union for the American has grasped the unique technological weapon with large power. Nevertheless, the development of atomic bomb was continually a secret before it’s testing. In the Potsdam conference, the president Truman had once tried to reveal that the America had had the nuclear power. In addition, the National Security Advisor, James Byrnes suggest Truman that to make a display of atomic bomb to the Soviet Union might become a tool to menace the Soviet Union, as well as to put the American into a positive situation at the end of the second world war. Similarly the president Truman has argued that in his belief that the atomic bomb would make positive effect on the position to strive for more territory at the end of the war. From Byrnes and Truman’s argument, it had been proved that the existence of atomic bombs itself was a huge risk to Soviet Union. To make Soviet Union realize that American had controlled the key technology of nuclear power as well as it had been in use, it was necessary to implement the atomic bomb policy with the global attention. Indeed, the atomic bomb increased the American army’s confidence dramatically. On the other hand, to Soviet Union, Stalin would not to compete against America directly as a result of such a weapon with lethality. In other words, the atomic bomb had played an important role to contain the Soviet Union. To conclude, the atomic bomb was a diplomatic ‘master card’ of containing The Soviet Union’s action instead of ending the war. It was certain that the surrender of Japan occurred several days after the atomic bomb’s explosion. The atomic bomb had made contribution on ending the war to some extent. However, Japan’s defeat was destined if the American policy makers didn’t make any decision of atomic bomb. For one thing, Japan was failed in many battles with a high expense of navy and air force. Even worse, the American army had cut the approach for Japan to import oil and raw materials. For another thing, the Soviet Union’s invasion was also a factor to promote Japan’s surrender. That is to say Japan’s surrender would occur in any case, the war would certainly had been end without the bomb. Instead of ending the war, the atomic bomb exerted its effectiveness to contain the Soviet Union.  In 1945, the President Truman’s rise to power had laid a foundation of the offensive diplomatic policy. To avoid Soviet Union’s expansion of territory, the atomic diplomatic strategy was used for against Stalin’s action. For one thing, the atomic bomb was used to end the war as soon as possible in order to prevent Soviet Union’s entry into Pacific battlefield. For another thing, the atomic bomb itself was deterrence for Soviet Union as the Americans had grasped the nuclear technology. In sum, the atomic bomb meet the requirement of defeating Japan, nevertheless, to be more accurate, the atomic bomb was a key step to deter Soviet Union’s global monopoly. Reference list Alperovitz, G., 1995. The decision to use the atomic bomb. London: Frontana Press Bird, K., Lifschultz, L., 1998 Hiroshima’s shadow. Michigan: Pamphletee†s Press P. 37 Cooper, J. W., 2006. Truman’s motivations: using the bomb in the Second World War [pdf] Available at: http://www.johnwcooper.com [Accessed 24 November 2012] Dower, J. W., 1986. The war in western eyes, apes and others. In: War without mercy. New York: Pantheon Books Pp. 77-93 Frank, R. F., 1999 Downfall, the end of the imperial Japanese empire. United States of America: Penguin Books. Giovannitti, L.,Freed, F., 1965. The decision to drop the bomb. Great Britain: Methuen Co Ltd. Freeman, R., 2006. Was the atomic bombing of Japan necessary? [online] Available at: http://www.commondreams.org/views06/0806-25.htm [Accessed 23 November 2012] Hein, L., Selden, M., 1997 Living with the bomb, American and Japanese cultural conflicts in the nuclear age. New York: M.E. Sharpe Leffler, M. P.,Painter D. S., 1994 the atomic bomb and the origins of the cold war in: Painter the origins of the cold war: an international history New York: Rouledge P. 59. Malloy, S. L., 2008. Atomic tragedy, the decision to use the bomb against Japan. United States of America: Cornell Paperbacks Milson, W.D., 2011. The most controversial decision. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. P. 15. Preston, D., 2006 before the fall-out: from Marie Curie to Hiroshima: Corgi P. 493 Selden,M (1989), The atomic bomb voice from Hiroshima and Nagesaki. London: Kyoko, Mark Selden. P. 23. Smith, J. K., 2010 fire in the sky: the story of the atomic bomb: United States of America: Author house P. 17 Walker, J.S., 1996. The decision to use the bomb: a historiographical update. In: Hogan, M. J., 1996. Hiroshima, in history and memory. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge university press. Pp. 11- 37 [ 1 ]. L. Hein and M. Selden living with the bomb, American and Japanese cultural conflicts in the nuclear age. (Great Britain 1965) P. 4 [ 2 ]. J. S. Walker Hiroshima, in history and memory. (Cambridge 1996) P. 11 [ 3 ]. J. K. Smith Fire in the sky: the story of the atomic bomb (2010 United States of America) P. 17 [ 4 ]. M. Selden voices from Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1989 London) P. 23 [ 5 ]. R. Freeman was the atomic bombing of Japan necessary? [Online] Available at: http://www.commondreams.org/views06/0806-25.htm [Accessed 23 November 2012] [ 6 ]. R. F. Frank Downfall, the end of the imperial Japanese empire. (1999 United States of America) P. 132 [ 7 ]. J. W. Dower war without mercy. (1986 New York) P. 83. [ 8 ]. G. Alperovitz The decision to use the atomic bomb (1995 London) P. 647 [ 9 ]. G. Alperovitz The decision to use the atomic bomb (1995 London) P. 645 [ 10 ]. L. Giovannitti and F. Freed the decision to drop the bomb (1965 Great Britain) P. 236. [ 11 ]. J. W. Cooper Truma n’s motivations: using the bomb in the Second World War [pdf] Available at: [Accessed 24 November 2012] P. 6 [ 12 ]. G. Alperovitz The decision to use the atomic bomb (1995 London) P. 127 [ 13 ]. L. Giovannitti and F. Freed the decision to drop the bomb (1965 Great Britain) P. 125 [ 14 ]. M.P. Leffler and D. S. the atomic bomb and the origins of the cold war in: Painter the origins of the cold war: an international history (1994 New York) P. 59. [ 15 ]. S. L. Malloy Atomic tragedy, the decision to use the bomb against Japan. (2008 United States of America) P. 81-85 [ 16 ]. Miscamble.w.d. 2011. The most controversial decision, Truman, the atomic bombs, and the defeat of Japan. P. 15 [ 17 ]. K. Bird and L. Lifschultz Hiroshima’s shadow (1998 Michigan) P. 37 [ 18 ]. D. Preston before the fall-out: from Marie Curie to Hiroshima (2006) P. 493 [ 19 ]. G. Alperovitz The decision to use the atomic bomb (1995 London) P. 274 [ 20 ]. K. Bird and L. Lifschultz Hiroshima’s shadow (1998 Michigan) P. 17 [ 21 ]. G. Alperovitz The decision to use the atomic bomb (1995 London) P. 134